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- Marcus Garvey
-
-
- (JUNE 11, 1923)
-
- In August, 1920, at Liberty Hall, Manhattan, a Jamaican Negro,
- aged 36, with broad nose, and of the true Negro type, was
- publicly married by 30 officiating clergymen in the presence of
- 3,000 Negro delegates from all over the world.
-
- He styled himself "Provisional President of Africa, Commander
- of the Order of the Nile, Distinguished Son of Ethiopia." His
- name was Marcus Garvey.
-
- Last week, the Federal Government rested its case against this
- same Marcus Garvey for using the mails to defraud.
-
- Between these two events stands the betrayal of the most
- ambitious effort the world has yet seen to organize the world's
- 400,000,000 Negroes with the aim of establishing world-wide
- black supremacy and the freedom of Africa.
-
- Garvey was the leader of this movement; he possessed great
- ambition; at the height of his power his organization (The
- International Negro Improvement Association) numbered 4,000,000
- members; he was President of the Black Star Line Company, which
- aimed to run ships to Africa and the West Indies from America;
- his career led him to great power, which he preferred to
- exercise for his own aggrandizement, and thus defrauded and
- discredited the legitimate activities of the people he pretended
- to serve.
-
- In August, 1920, 3,000 delegates, from Abyssinia to Australia,
- met in Manhattan. A Declaration of Negro Rights and a
- Constitution of Negro Liberty were drawn up. A flag colored
- black, red and green was adopted; a World Leader and Supreme
- Deputy Potentate were elected; plans were made to build a "Black
- House" in Washington for Marcus Garvey, newly elected
- Provisional President of Africa.
-
- Disaster overtook the Line. Of the three ships operated two
- went aground and the third was seized to meet claims of
- $100,000. Garvey continued to solicit passage money to Africa
- after he had no ships. On January 12, 1922, he was arrested and
- later indicted, with three associates. The trial of the Black
- Star Line Company revealed that the line has $31.75 in the bank
- and liabilities of $731,432.
-
-
- (DECEMBER 12, 1927)
-
- Five years ago, Marcus Garvey, orotund Jamaican, paraded
- through Harlem, the cultural capital of his race in the U.S.,
- in uniforms brightly befitting "His Highness the Potentate of
- the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Provisional
- General of Africa." Then he became a janitor of Atlanta
- Penitentiary. Four years ago he was convicted of fraudulent use
- of the U.S. mails in selling the stock of the Black Star Line,
- by which he proposed to transport U.S. Negroes to their
- aboriginal home and for which he actually purchased a
- secondhand flagship. He began serving a five-year term in 1925.
-
- Last month Marcus Garvey's term was commuted by President
- Coolidge, at the instance of Attorney General John Garibaldi
- Sargent. Since Marcus Garvey had never taken out his final
- citizenship papers, he was eligible for deportation as an
- undesirable alien. Last week, to a chorus of "Amens" and
- "Ain't-that-the-truths," Marcus Garvey made his farewell speech
- from the top deck of the S.S. Saramacca, sailing from New
- Orleans to Panama, whence Marcus Garvey was to be shunted along
- to Jamaica. "His Highness, the Potentate" was in excellent form
- and spirits.
-
- "I leave America fully as happy as when I came," he
- elucidated, "in that my relationship with the Negro people was
- most pleasant and inspiring, and I shall work forever in their
- behalf.
-
- "The program of Nationalism is as important as it ever
- was...The program I represent is not hostile to the white race
- or any other race. All that I want to do is to complete the
- freedom of the Negro economically and culturally and make him
- a full man..."
-
-